A Study On The Classroom - 903 Words

Alina was observed during the morning in her third grade class. At the start of the observation, Alina appeared focused and engaged as she worked independently on a math assignment. After a few minutes, Mrs. Hippchen, Alina’s third grade teacher, reviewed the math answers to the class. As Mrs. Hippchen reviewed the answers and called upon students to provide answers, Alina appeared focused as she listened and wrote on her math worksheet. She occasionally looked over at a peer’s paper during the activity. When Mrs. Hippchen asked the students to raise their hands if they obtained the correct answer to a question, Alina raised her hand. At one point, Alina was called upon to solve a math problem. She incorrectly answered the question, however, with her teacher’s feedback, she was able to correct her answer. Mrs. Hippchen then instructed the class to clear their desks to start a new math activity. Alina followed her teacher’s direction. As Mrs. Hippchen reviewed a math homework assignment to the class, Alina followed along appropriately. When the students were asked to draw a diagram to aid them in solving a problem, Alina appeared engaged as she drew on her paper. After the homework review, Mrs. Hippchen instructed the class to take out their math workbooks. Alina followed her teacher’s direction as she cleared her desk and pulled out her math workbook from her â€Å"cubby.† As Mrs. Hippchen taught the math lesson, Alina wrote in her workbook, listened to her teacher, andShow MoreRelatedA Study On The Classroom800 Words   |  4 PagesMethodology Setting This study will take place in a seventh and eighth grade special education classroom in a small, rural district located in the southeastern part of Iowa. The district also consists of an elementary in addition to the junior-senior high school. The junior-senior high school used for this research has an enrollment of 263 students in grades seven through twelve. Twenty-seven percent of the current school population participates in the federal free-and-reduced lunch program,Read MoreFraming The Study On The Classroom1815 Words   |  8 PagesFraming the Study The study took place in a month span but data was collected from students concerning their whole school year. The research looked at a handful of students grades in non-minority teacher classes compared to their grades in minority students classes. I also had over 100 students ranging from 17-18 years old all graduating seniors to complete a survey concerning their feelings about minority teachers compared to non-minority teachers. The last piece of research I used forRead MoreA Research Study On Classrooms Essay2096 Words   |  9 PagesStatement of the Problem Classrooms are micro communities that demonstrate and communicate to learners the value of their belongingness to the community. When classrooms are poorly constructed to support student growth, it communicates that the student is not important nor is what is being taught for their life. Children by themselves cannot fail reading and writing skills. It is the value held that they simply were never given the opportunity. The human mind and the great potential of the mindRead MoreCase Study Of The Classroom3005 Words   |  13 PagesCase Study Tyler is a 10 year old boy brought by his parents for an educational assessment. An engaging little boy, his parents report that he is behind in his school work and has been in trouble for disruptive behaviour in the classroom. The school had provided school reports and he is below average on maths problems and his assignments appeared rushed and poorly put together. Socially, Tyler has friends but frequently has fights with them over trivial matters. Sometimes they tease him calling himRead MoreClassroom Case Study1038 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Frame The Organization This paper will identify one area of focus that the Cherry Creek School District will implement to assist students who have completed their high school graduation requirements, have an IEP, and may still need transition services additional experiences and opportunities to ensure they will be able to reach individual goals and acquire the knowledge and skills needed to access appropriate community resources and agencies. Currently, this program is housed inRead MoreEvaluation Of A Social Studies Classroom1615 Words   |  7 Pagesstated, there has not been a large amount of study conducted in regards to reading comprehension in a social studies classroom. The lack of research into this area could, in-part, be blamed on the assumptions of secondary teachers believing that elementary teachers have provided the proper reading instruction that would prepare their students to be adept and strategic readers (Bintz, 1997). Assumptions are easy to make, and, it humbles me to say, that this study has cured me of my own assumptions regardingRead MoreA Study On Normal Classroom Instruction999 Words   |  4 PagesThe methods used for this study will not cause me to deviate from normal classroom instruction because students will be asked to fill out an on-line survey. I would like to construct the survey in such a way that students can print a screen which thanks them for their participation so that I will be able to reward them. I will need to rely on the good will of my colleagues to complete the faculty surveys. For this research, project I am especially concern that I word my requests for faculty surveyRead MoreA Case Study of Disruptive Behavior in the Classroom1728 Words   |  7 PagesA Case Study of Disruptive Behavior in The Classroom 1 A Case Study of Disruptive Behavior in The Classroom Grand Canyon University-EDU536 Peggy Mosley 05/01/13 A Case Study of DisruptiveRead MoreSocial Studies in The Elementary Classroom Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesappointed the Committee of Seven to make a thorough study of history in the secondary schools here and in Europe. The Committees report had a considerable impact on the high school social studies curriculum. The Study of History in the Schools report recommended the high school history program should consist of Ancient History, European History, English History, and American History. These four blocks of study were recognized in high school courses of study and requirements for entrance to college. TextbookRead MoreA Study Of Teaching Classroom Discipline / Management Techniques Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyze was titled A Study of Teaching Classroom Discipline/Management Techniques in Five Physical Education Teacher Preparation Programs in Missouri Written by David Theodore Oatman in 1988. 1. Describe the overall purpose of the study, and the specific research questions. In some papers, these will be stated up front. In others, you may have to make inferences. At times, even when the author gives the research purpose, you may think of additional implied questions that the study addresses. If so

Culture And Its Influence On Culture - 923 Words

Every country will have a background in religion and culture that the people are living in has always been followed under the threshold of this generation to another generation. What is a culture? Why everyone should live the same culture and that culture has one? What are people thinking about the culture in which they are under? However, culture is what can connect with people and over time it became a habit in person s life. Culture is the concept of the inner bearing wide jaw with a lot of different interpretations, related to all aspects of the material and spiritual life of the people. In daily life, culture is often understood as a literary, poetry, art, cinema, theatre, etc. In anthropology and sociology, the concept of culture is mentioned in a broad sense. Culture consists of everything which is a part of human life. It is not only what relates to the spirit that including material. The culture is to include all the products of the human, and thus, culture to include two aspects: non-material aspects of society such as language, thought, values and the physical aspects such as housing, clothing, vehicles, and etc. For example about symbols and language the people are speaking and symbols of worship. In the book â€Å"Introduction to Sociology†, â€Å"Symbols such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words help people who understand that the world,† (pg. 65). Not only that, sym bols are â€Å"†¦ highly functional, stop signs, for instance, provide useful instruction, alsoShow MoreRelatedCulture And Its Influence On Culture987 Words   |  4 Pages(Hutchison, 2011) said â€Å"culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language† (p. 247). When I thought of culture, I used to picture food, festivities, clothes and country. Just like the nurse, I thought that if learned about one culture, I understood everybody in that culture. But as I started expanding my knowledge the meaning of culture started becoming harder to define. Different subjects seemed to have different definitions of what culture is. The idea expanded untilRead MoreCulture And Its Influence On Culture2079 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction It is hard to have a single definition of the term culture. Different people have their understanding of culture. According to my understanding, culture can be defined as people s way of life. This includes their values, customs, beliefs, languages as well as traditions. In general, the concept of culture is well reflected in the history of people, their heritage and how they express their ideas as well as their creativity. The culture of a particular group of people can be used to assessRead MoreThe Role Of Culture And Its Influence On Culture3382 Words   |  14 PagesTopic 3 – Role of Culture Culture can be defined as customs, attitudes and beliefs that is shared throughout a group of members that is part of society. These attitudes, customs and beliefs are passed down from generation to generation (Ali Abadi 2015). However, as time progress some cultures may change slightly, but still keep the most distinctive aspects that are unique to a particular culture. Culture is important because, it defines our values and beliefs, and that is, essentially, what guidesRead MoreAmerican Culture And Their Influence On The Culture960 Words   |  4 PagesOften in the case of anthropology people like to view the extreme sides of the field; either popular culture, typically seen in the United States, or remote locations only impacted by their local folk culture. In Return to Laughter, Lauren Bohannon, or her nom de plume Elenore Smith Bowen, experiences the latter as she leaves the comfort of her first world culture to spend time with the Tiv tribe in Western Africa. The Tiv is a group that lives quite differently from what Bowen is used to. They liveRead MoreWestern Culture And Its Influence On Modern Culture1235 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples barely begin to scratch the surface of institution’s influence on America. This is not to say that the prevalence of these institutions is not specific to the United States’ culture, but present i n all cultures labeled as inherently â€Å"western.† The concept of institution is an idea constructed by humans, and as a human construct, the idea must have implemented itself successfully into human culture to be present today. Western culture (today primarily North America and Europe), has developedRead MoreInfluence Of Family Culture And Their Influence On Family, Culture, And Environment873 Words   |  4 PagesResearch has shown that a person is shaped by the influence of their family, their culture, and their environment. As far as I could remember my parents have always been there for me, always by my side cheering me on. I am lucky to have such wonderful parents because if it weren’t for their influence, I would not be the person that I am today. My father had a rough childhood growing up in New York. His family was poor and my grandmother was not very supportive, yet despite his living conditionsRead MoreWestern Culture And Its Influence On Asian Culture2257 Words   |  10 Pagesnations can freely collaborate or influence each other. Western nations have greatly influenced other nations, particularly U.S. and U.K. are very influential because of their superior economic, social and political systems. Even close knit societies in East Asia have been influenced by the Western culture. The level of influence is different across the Asian societies and it is associated with various positive and negative effects. Despite the widespread western influence, most East Asian nations haveRead MoreIn fluence Of Western Culture1186 Words   |  5 Pages WESTERN CULTURES SHOULD/SHOULD NOT DOMINATE AND INFLUENCE OTHER CULTURES IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD (Name) (Course) (Date) Globalization is in most cases seen as global Westernization with the Western culture seeking to dominate the world. Globalization is the acceleration and intensification of the economic interactions between governments, companies, and individuals of a different culture. The Western culture played a paramount role in promoting globalization and democracy acrossRead MoreCulture Influences Education1599 Words   |  7 PagesCulture influences education We always talk about the importance of education and its impact on our culture, but seldom think about how culture affects our educational system. We often ignore the fact that ethnics, customs and traditions deeply affect education. Culture and education are actually tightly bound entities and hence cannot be separated from each other. Before we further investigate into the cultural influences on children’s learning and education, I think it is better to figureRead MoreInfluence of culture on personality1212 Words   |  5 Pagestime. There are many factors that are said to have an influence on personality, but the one that is most interesting is the idea that personality is shaped by culture. The reason why culture is interesting is because just like personality, culture is also a very complex term that encompasses a lot of factors when we discuss what makes up culture. In using culture as a basis for this paper, I have gathered information on how culture influences pe rsonality in different age groups and across genders

Contract and Procurement Management for Software Engineering

Question: Discuss about theContract and Procurement Management for Software Engineering. Answer: Introduction The Health computing services made a contract with a large international organisation (the Contractor) for taking the services of centralised computing system. As per this, it was a contracted that high quality services related to primary and secondary data centre facility will be provided. The data centre is a service that is used for housing computer systems and related elements like telecommunication and storage. As per this facility, the data centre will support in teaching at regional and other metro hospitals (YUAN, GAO, YANG, and ZHANG, 2011). Besides this, it guaranteed the recovery of crucial information if lost and a high degree of flexibility in handling fluctuating demands in health. The contract was arranged initially for 4 years, according to which current agreement will run till 2016. However, the management of centralised computing system was not done properly by Health because of which the additional cost of Health in IT services increased a lot. Apart from this, the financial management was also poor where a lot of variations were found. The prepared budget and expenditure occurred did not match properly. Pre Award (major issue) The issues were many in the management of contract and its expenditures that were incurred on IT services as a result of frequent errors in IT systems. Author analysed that the contact was developed for Health sector and was expected to record the budget of entire contract properly in sufficient manner so as to keep track of various expenditures incurred (Resh and Marvel, 2012). Besides this, author evaluated that it was expected to check invoice details as well so that a justification related to contractual expenditures can be checked. There were different variations in the contract for which, health did not track expenditures against these variations. As such Health failed to keep track of actual expenditures against the determined budget. Author also identified that company did not maintain a standard procedure to track all types of costing, variation in the contract and differences raised after making variations in initial contract (Rene, 2010). According to Author differences an d expenditures were recorded in a number of places due to which, it created confusions. In addition to this, there was no arrangement of coding various invoices to the contract number which made it difficult to identify that how much was the actual expenditure. In the mid of 2014, the team of Heath attempted to monitor and write down all expenses manually on the basis of invoices totalling (Olatunji, 2014). However, this procedure was not reliable as Health did not follow a stable route to circulate the invoices between groups. The contract managers checked the rates of the invoices, where it was found from the invoices that many of them were overcharged (Joaquin, and Greitens, 2012). Only 1 invoice revealed the exact rate on which the contract was agreed upon. Apart from this, author examined that Health also entered into various lease agreements and that also without having a full knowledge of arrangements within it. In many of the lease arrangements they did not have authority fo r it as well. In such condition, where, company did not have the proper knowledge of lease type, it classified the lease arrangements improperly. As a result, Health made a breach of Treasurers instruction 822. Thus, it is clear that Health was suffering through a number of issues in the management of data centre and contract related to it (Yucong, 2012). Post Award (critical analysis) As per the above issue identified in Health related to financial management of data computing system, it is evident that it is essential to monitor and maintain the records of each and every cost that is incurred by company. According to author, in practical world, the companies enter into a number of contracts and also have variations in them timely. As per this, there must be a centralised system and a procedure which can keep track of all the transactions, changes and cost related information (Resh and Marvel 2012). In Health organisation, there were various areas in which mismanagement occurred that resulted into increased costs for business. Invoices that were made for various types of expenditures were also not recorded properly, because of which ultimately, the firm was not able to differentiate between actual expenses and the budgeted figures. Author argues that, if a company enters into a contract for any type of services, it is essential to be in line with all types of vari ations made in it as well. Most of the times, it is apparent that there are many employees who use to handle a single unit (Mikuov-Meri?kov and Nemec, 2013). In such situation, it becomes confusing to decide that who will execute a particular function. Therefore, for each kind of work there should be a single person who is assigned with a particular task. Yucong (2012) contradicts that the major necessity while entering into a contract is to have a full knowledge about the deal in which a person is making agreement. In case of less knowledge, a person may breach a crucial condition that can cost highly. Apart from this, companies may hire a professional in the field of finance who has a diverse knowledge of financial matters. Thus, author analysed that it will help in managing different contracts, budgets and variations in terms and conditions of contract in a systematic manner. A standard guideline explaining various policies and procedures must also be there which can help in gett ing all processes and functions lined in systematic manner. Health can also adopt an option of consulting an expert in the matters of financial deals who can keep track of all financial matters of organisation. The managers are responsible for studying the contracts, its terms and conditions while entering and agreeing on it so that differences can be identified in later stages related to changes made on it (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016). Conclusion The above report entails about a contract entered into by Health with the Contractor. It has been concluded in the report that as per the contract of availing services related to data computing, the contractor agreed to deliver a number of services through this system. But Health did not manage the system properly, because of which the company had to incur various costs on IT department. The company also failed to manage the finances and budget prepared for the new system. As per this, it has been recommended to arrange some specialists who can aid in giving advisory services for managing finances and expenses related to the data centre facility. References Books and Journals Duan, Yucong. "A survey on service contract." In Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel Distributed Computing (SNPD), 2012 13th ACIS International Conference on, pp. 805-810. IEEE, 2012. Ernita Joaquin, M., and Thomas J. Greitens. "Contract management capacity breakdown? An analysis of US local governments." Public Administration Review 72, no. 6 (2012): 807-816. Fleming, Quentin W., and Joel M. Koppelman. "Earned value project management." Project Management Institute, 2016. Mikuov-Meri?kov, Beta, and Juraj Nemec. "Contract management and its impact on contracting public services: Slovak Republic." Ekonomick ?asopis (Journal of Economics) 7, no. 61 (2013): Nemec. Olatunji, Oluwole Alfred. "Views on building information modelling, procurement and contract management." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Management, Procurement and Law 167, no. 3 (2014): 117-126. Rendon, Rene G. "Critical success factors in government contract management." (2010). Resh, William G., and John D. Marvel. "Loopholes to load-shed: Contract management capacity, representative bureaucracy, and goal displacement in federal procurement decisions." International Public Management Journal 15, no. 4 (2012): 525-547. YUAN, Haizhen, Xiaojun GAO, Chunquan YANG, and Xingping ZHANG. "Status, Problems and Solutions of Energy Management Contract in China [J]." Energy Technology and Economics 1 (2011).

Pride in Ancient Greek

This paper discusses the character and behavior of two Heroes in the Iliad with the aim of explaining the Geeks’ concept of pride. Considering the lives of Achilles and Patroclus, as presented in the Iliad, it is clear that for ancient Greek heroes, honor meant everything. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pride in Ancient Greek specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In actual sense, a Greek warrior or man would rather choose to die than be ashamed or embarrassed by someone else. Honor meant so much to them that they did everything to attain it. Honor was the lifetime goal of every ancient Greek man and people sought it at all costs. Unfortunately, their concept of honor could be interpreted as foolhardy pride in our days. As will be shown through focus on Achilles and Patroclus, had they not been driven by their pride, they would not have met with their downfall; the way they did. Achilles was a great Greek war rior who had helped the Greek with his might and skills. Like all Greek men, he wanted to do his people proud and the people were proud of him. However, his desire for honor leads to his downfall when he confronts the king over a woman. He had been given the woman as a prize for his valor in war against the Trojans. When the king takes away the woman (prize he had given to Achilles), Achilles out of pride challenges the king and refuses to go to war. His decision not to go to war against the Trojans is what prompted Patroclus to pick up his armor to face Hector. Moreover, apart from refusing to fight for the Greek, Achilles out of pride chooses to argue or disobey the gods. Priam, his mother intervenes, and again out of pride, Achilles chooses glory over a long life. In the life of Achilles, one can see pride or honor being prioritized over every other important thing. For instance, it is out of pride that Achilles refuses to go to battle prompting his friend Patroclus to stand in to lead the Greek armies against the Trojans. Patroclus, just like Achilles, was a great warrior. He was one of the great warriors from the Greek side and would have been instrumental in defeating Hectors on behalf of the Achaeans. Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, desire for honor and pride got the better of him. Hectors was more skilled and the only person who could match him from the Greek side was Achilles. Patroclus had been warned against engaging or fighting Hector because he was not his match. However, as it would have been expected of any Greek hero, Patroclus goes against every warning that he should not engage Hectors in a battle. Having won a number of battles, he is so full of himself that he thinks not engaging or fighting Hectors is a cowardly act. Secondly, he also stands up to Hectors to save himself the shame of having failed his people in a bat tle. Consequently, this willfulness leads him into dying at the hands of Hectors. In conclusion, from the two examples given, it is clear that the Greek priced pride over all other values such as safety. It can also be noted that desire for honor and pride, among Greek heroes, was what propelled them to great heights but also what led to their downfall. In search for honor, the heroes did their people proud but out of pride they often became willful and untactful leading to their downfall. This essay on Pride in Ancient Greek was written and submitted by user Winston Merritt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Swanston St. Wall Collapse

The Swanston St. Wall Collapse that happened on March 28 2013 thereby killing three people may have been occasioned by freak winds. The collapse resulted in deaths of Marie Faiwoo, Alexander, and Bridget Jones. On the day that the brick wall collapsed, there were gusts of wind that were witnessed during the afternoon. The wind was moving at 102 km/h.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Swanston St. Wall Collapse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Fairfax Media indicated that the wind was travelling at 83km/hr some minutes to 3pm. Authorities also reported that such wind was capable of breaking tree branches and/or dislodging roofs from houses. It is also speculated that the wall would have collapsed due to negligence by the necessary authorities. The Swanston Square has been neglected for the last 30years. This negligence could have resulted in its weakening and precariousness. The hoarding is highly attribute d to the parachuting effect of the wind and hence the collapse of the wall and fatalities. The advertisement board was almost one metre taller. The brick wall was approximately 2.5 metres. The board was therefore a huge protrusion on its face. When hoarding is done in a way that it becomes higher than the wall of attachment, it becomes hazardous, hence interfering with the safety of the wall. This claim is likely to be the reason behind the collapse of the Swanston St. Wall. The board could have played the role of a sail, hence making the strong wind collapse the wall. The Swanston wall was made of bricks. It was located at Swanston Street in Melbourne, which was a site on which the building development was to happen. This wall was erected in the early 60s and that it was almost the only remaining wall of the time. The wall was also among the structures that had not been demolished to pave a way for new constructions on the site. The site is owned by Grocon Pty Ltd. The Swanston wal l was adjacent to a footpath along the Swanston Street. When the wall collapsed, it did so in a linear way. The wall was about ten linear metres. The collapse went across the path where pedestrians passed, hence causing fatal injuries. Three pedestrians died from debris injuries. Two casualties died at the scene. Various bodies of investigation have since been involved in searching the truth on the Swanston St. Wall. Such bodies include the Coroner, WorkSafe, Victoria Police, and the Melbourne City council. The bodies are looking for facts about the collapse of the wall. Various sides of the story and speculations are being evaluated for facts.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The police officers had also requested that any individual that could have been present or near the scene during the collapse to come forward to assist them in the ongoing investigations. The investigation s have also found that there were other casualties that could have been injured by the collapsing brick wall although they were immediately rushed for treatment before the police and other security officers arrived on the scene. Such casualties may have the necessary information that the police and other investigative bodies have been looking for since the incidence happened. Any individual with footage or live recording of how the wall collapsed and/or how the initial response activities were carried out has also been requested to assist the investigation bodies. The bodies that could have authorised the hoarding of the advertisement have also been questioned. Investigative bodies are looking for any leads on whether there was negligence on the side of the owner company or any other authorising body. The hoarding of the advertisement board that went almost a metre above the wall must have been authorised by a particular body. Such information will lead to unearthing of the facts ab out the cause of any death. Speculations on the gust that was blowing across the town are also being investigated. Examinations have so far established that it was not very clear how the wind speed of 82 Km/h and 100Km/hr were related to the collapse of the wall since the tall buildings in the town affect the velocity of wind and eventually its measurement. Investigators are also looking for information on whether the advertisement board acted as a sail leading to the collapse of the wall. In addition, investigators are also looking for information concerning the bodies that should take responsibility of the fatalities and injuries. Investigations on the relatives to the three people that died from injuries have been successful. All the three bodies were handed over to the families for burial. Investigative bodies have also announced that people should report on any other structure that may be dangerous to human, animal, and property in their areas of operations. Authorities are the refore looking for other structures across the town that may pose a threat to human life. Deeper analysis of this accident proves that the accident was foreseeable. It is also clear that someone ought to have taken a step to prevent the fatalities that were not called for. In terms of ethical and legal matters, there were some authorities or persons that ought to have taken charge before the collapse of the wall. To begin with, the Swanston St. Wall was located next to a path that many pedestrians used.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Swanston St. Wall Collapse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The street was also next to an international school. It was therefore clear that there were bound to be fatalities if any accident happened along the street. A response mechanism ought to have been easy to access from this street. However, the security and rescue team arrived at the scene late. In fact, it did not eve n witness the initial stages of the collapse. It is for this reason that the security and investigation bodies still call upon those who were injured and rushed to hospitals on their own to come forward and assist in investigations. The government ought to provide a rescue mechanism for citizens across the city. A quick response to the tragedy could have saved the life of any victim who died in the hospital later. It is also the responsibility of the building and construction authorities to investigate and/or approve the building and erecting of various structures in the country. A wall such as this one that collapsed in a broad day light would have been averted. The authorities should have noted that the hoarding of the advertisement board was done wrongly and dangerously. An advertisement board that was erected on the wall in 2011 is highly attributed to the collapse of the wall and death of the three innocent people. If the authorities in charge of construction in Melbourne were hawk eyed and played a close investigative role, they would have noted that the advertisement board was wrongly done. The authorising body would have stopped the erection of the board on an already weak wall hence avert the fatalities. The building and construction authority in Australian should therefore take the legal and ethical responsibility. The body is mandated by law to protect the lives of its citizens and such negligence should be consequential. According to ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ (April 12, 2013, p.11), some of the officers in the building and construction authority may have been consulted by the advertisers before they erected their advert. The regulating officers who gave a green light to the advertisers should also take the legal responsibility. In such a case, due diligence should have demanded the officers to visit the site of the construction to evaluate and/or assess the wall for its ability to withstand the advert board. In the same way, the auth orising officers would have visited the site of construction after the hoarding of the advert to assess its safety.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is at this point that they would have noted that the advertisement board had protruded by one metre above the height of the wall, hence posing a threat. However, ‘The Age’ (March 29, 2013, p.1) observes that someone must have neglected his or her duties and assumed that all would be well through assumption. The consequences of the assumption and negligence were death of three innocent pedestrians and injuries of many others. The municipal council of Melbourne should also take responsibility for the deaths. It is among the mandate of the municipal authorities to ensure safety of the people. The collapsed wall has been standing within their mandated areas for over 50 years. This wall was also among the oldest constructions in the area. The authorities should have secured the wall, reinforced it, or even elected warning signs on it. However, there were no warnings or instructions. Therefore, people just walked alongside the 10-metre wall that later collapsed. ‘The Age’ (March 29, 2013, p.1) associates this event with the death of three people who were trapped in the debris without a warning. The municipal authorities should also take moral and legal responsibilities. ‘The Age’ (March 30, 2013, p.5) asserts that Grocon Pty Ltd should also take responsibility for the three deaths together with the unknown number of injuries. The owner company must have had the necessary information about the wall. It is the company that holds the documents on how the wall was constructed, its durability, and lifespan. Furthermore, the company knew about the strength of the structure even before allowing for the erection of the advertisement board on it. In fact, the Grocon Pty Ltd Company administrators ought to be arrested and prosecuted for murder through negligence and carelessness. Officers of the company would have advised that the wall be demolished if it did not have enough stability to withstand its weight. In a similar way, officer s and company construction engineers would have advised against the erection of the advertisement board on the already weak wall. This could have saved the innocent lives. The weather forecast body in Australia also has a responsibility since it is mandated with the task of researching, analysing, and predicting weather conditions for the safety of people. The weather forecast department ought to have carried out its researches and analysis of weather to warn people of the impeding danger of the gust. According to ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ (March 29, 2013, p.2), the moment the department recorded the speed of the wind to be between 82Km/hr and 100km/hr, it should have sent alarm messages to citizens through the media and other communication avenues. Considering the Victorian OHS Act of 2004, it is very possible that the ongoing investigations by WorkSafe Victoria will lead to prosecution of some individuals and some organisations. According to the Victorian OHS Act of 2004, Worksafe should always provide a clear advice and direction that can be accessed by all people. WorkSafe should also ensure compliance with OHS Act and its regulations. The current investigations by Worksafe Victorian will be useful in investigating about the collapse of the Swanston St. Wall because the OHS Act of 2004 makes specific the way all duties that are imposed by certain regulations should be done. This will assist WorkSafe implementation since the officers in charge of the investigations will have guidelines to follow in their pursuit of the Swanston St. Wall case. For example, they will follow the guidelines to evaluate who failed to play his or her rightful roles before the collapse of the wall. ‘The Age’ (May 1, 2013, p.2) reveals that it will therefore be possible for officers to pinpoint the actual points on which negligence happened with the procedural method of implementing and carrying out certain duties. For example, the hounding of the advert isement board on the wall was supposed to have followed a certain procedure before being cleared. ‘The Age’ (April 8, 2013, p.10) also sheds light that negligence would not have taken roots and that the wall would not have collapsed if the contractors who erected the board on the wall followed the due process. Consequently, no deaths would have been witnessed. A step-by-step evaluation of the process will indicate whether certain persons overstepped their mandate and/or whether others neglected the due process. Adams (2004, p.376) asserts that the OHS Act of 2004 requires certain activities to be licensed. Such activities include construction of buildings, walls and other structures. The owner company-Pty Ltd will therefore be required to produce the necessary documentation for the erection of the wall. ‘The Age’ (April 8, 2013, p.10) confirms that companies will be required to produce the necessary documentation to show that the engineers who erected the w all were qualified and that they were licensed. Mylett and Stubbs (2006, p.7) assert that the OHS Act of 2004 also requires proper documentation to be done. The proprietor of the wall will therefore be required by law to produce all the necessary documentation to show that the law, rules, and regulations were followed during the construction of the wall. ‘The Age’ (May 1, 2013, p.2) revealed how the Act requires the company to notify the necessary authorities on some of the occurrences. For example, Pty Ltd should have reported that the wall had grown weary and weak due to its age. The company engineers should also have been suspicious of what would have happened in case of a gust. This would especially be circumvented to investigate whether the engineers authorised the hounding of the wall that had protruded above the wall height by almost a whole metre. It is therefore possible that the OHS Act will enable the WorkSafe investigations to prosecute individuals and organ isations for negligence of duties and responsibilities. According to ‘The Age’ (May 24, 2013, p.15), the organisation and the regulation authorities from various departments that should ensure safety of people are also likely to be prosecuted using such laws. This move is likely to bear fruits during the investigations. Some of the lessons learned from this tragic accidents are that it is important to follow due diligence when dealing with any construction process. The tragedy also teaches people that it is also necessary for the state to always be equipped for disaster response. According to ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ (March 29, 2013, p.2), if Victoria was well equipped to respond fast to the tragedy, she would have been able to save her life. However, in the tragedy, security officers and investigative bodies arrived at the scene long after the tragedy had happened. The tragedy also teaches people that it is important to take precaution. ‘The Ageâ €™ (May 11, 2013, p.4) reveals that Groco Pty Ltd should have taken precautions besides reporting about the disaster. The company should have erected warning signs so that pedestrians who walked just next to the wall would take precaution. This would have prevented the deaths of the three people. The company should also have sought the company of a qualified engineer or contractor for the erection of the advertisement board. ‘The Age’ (March 30, 2013, p.5) confirms that there is evidence to show that the advertisement board was not done in accordance with rules and regulations. There was negligence or ignorance on the side of the contractor or engineers who carried out the duties. Accidents like these are not very common in Australia. In fact, according to ‘The Age’ (May 24, 2013, p.15), the government has taken stern procedures to be followed when constructing walls, buildings and other structures to avoid such accidents. However, it seems that there w as clear negligence on the part of the owner and contractors. This negligence is what resulted in the rare deaths of people from collapsed walls or buildings. It is therefore important to reinforce the rules and Acts that govern the construction of structures. For example, the WorkSafe rules should be reinforced and implemented. Mylett and Stubbs (2006, p.7) assert that every other contractor and proprietor should ensure that he or she abides by the Occupational Health and Safety Acts. This will ensure that any uncalled-for accidents are minimised. Conclusion In my opinion, I believe that the OHS regulations should not to be altered in a bid to ensure prevention of accidents that result from collapsed buildings and walls. Adams (2004, p.376) argues that the OHS Act of 2004 is clear, precise, and professional. If walls are well-implemented, there will be few or no accidents resulting from collapsed buildings and walls. However, there is the need to alter the mode of reinforcing the r ules and regulations that guide professional engineering practices and work practices. ‘The Age’ (May 11, 2013, p.4) has put it clear that it is on the implementation and reinforcement of the professional engineering procedures that negligence or corruption comes in. Reinforcement of these procedures should be carried out to ensure that due diligence is followed whenever any construction work is carried out. ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ (March 30, 2013, p. 3) asserts that the regulating authorities should also be vigilant in ensuring that all the necessary inspection procedures are undertaken before licensing. This will prevent any unplanned accidents. References Adams, K 2004, ‘Not Quite a Brave New World: Victoria’s Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004’, Deakin Law Review, vol. 10 no. 2, pp.376-392. Mylett, T Stubbs, J 2006, ‘Awareness of OHS Rights and Responsibilities: An Evaluation of a Trade Union Training Campaign’ , Employment Relations Record, vol. 6 no. 1, pp.1-21. ‘The Age’ 2013, Alarm bells sounded over rickety freeway noise walls, 11 May, p. 4. ‘The Age’ 2013, Freak winds may have led to fatal brick wall collapse, 23 May, p.3. ‘The Age’ 2013, Owners could be charged over wall fall as Grocon under fire, 30 March, p. 5. ‘The Age’ 2013, Service for wall victims, 14 May, p.10. ‘The Age’ 2013, The wall†¦ and why it came down, 3 April, p.1. ‘The Age’ 2013, Two killed in city wall collapse, 29 March, p.1. ‘The Age’ 2013, Wall charges mooted, 14 May, p.15. ‘The Age’ 2013, Wall death grief counselling for students, 5 April, p. 6. ‘The Age’ 2013, Workers in safety rally at CUB wall site, 1 May, p. 2. ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ 2013, Frantic fight to dig out victims of fatal wall collapse in Melbourne, 29 March, p.2. ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ 2013, H undreds farewell victims of tragic wall collapse, 12 April, p.11. ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ 2013, Parents mourn ‘kind-hearted’ siblings killed in wall collapse, 1 April, p.6. ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’ 2013, Site under scrutiny as siblings hit by wall identified, 30 March, p. 3. This report on The Swanston St. Wall Collapse was written and submitted by user The Watchers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Discourse Analysis is generally an umbrella term for the many traditions by which discourse may be analysed. The WritePass Journal

Discourse Analysis is generally an umbrella term for the many traditions by which discourse may be analysed. Introduction Discourse Analysis is generally an umbrella term for the many traditions by which discourse may be analysed. IntroductionBibliography:Related Introduction It is difficult to specify   discourse analysis as a method in the traditional sense, instead discourse analysis is often described as a methodology or as a theoretical perspective rather than a method (Phillips and Hardy 2002:3), a methodology that according to Billig (1985) falls into the postmodern tradition. Discourse analysis has the capability to transcend academic and disciplinary borders as well as methodological traditions through the examination of rhetoric (Billig, 1996) and conversation analysis. (Silverman, 1997) A huge amount of debate surrounds the question to how discourse analysis should be defined as it varies according to the different analytical interests, schools of thought and the understandings of ‘’discourse’’ found both within and across disciplines. (Paltridge, 2006) According to Johnstone (2002) discourse analysis reaffirms a relativist ontology, where the epistemological foundations are socially constructed, hence discourse analysts   regard reality as socially constructed rather than as objective, where the structure of discourse analysis is rooted in language and discourse (Burr, 1995). According to Foucault (1972:36) discourse simply refers to a ‘’set of statements or practices that systematically constructs the object of which it speaks.’’ This is further asserted when examining the debate within discourse analysis that reality is dependent upon context and not an independent ‘truth’. (Fairclough, 1995)   Wetherall et al (2001) goes one step further with this explanation by proclaiming that language is a precondition on which thought can be developed and the framework that language provides enables us to bring objects into existence, this is further exerted by Parker (1993) where language and disc ourse are described as preformative by nature, they construct reality and not just represent it. This stance is best understood when examining the work of Willig (2001), according to her the world is seen as a ‘’negotiable and shifting place which cannot be understood except through language’’ (p.103). Discourse analysis differs to positivism as it does not try to   uncover the ‘true nature’ of actions but rather to understand the processes that led to the point where objects are ‘talked into being’ (Willig, 2001) Morgan (2010) emphasises that discourse analysis is a philosophy, ‘’a way of being’’ (p.1), rather than just a methodology, its strength lies in being able to situate itself along the diverse spectrum of epistemological positions, be it realist or relativist.   A number of different traditions exist within discourse analysis, the way the researcher situates themselves within this tradition varies according to their own epistemological positioning and to what research questions are asked and what they are meant to examine. In the literature conducted traditions of discourse analysis include: conversation analysis, discursive psychology, critical discourse analysis and Foucauldian research. (Morgan, 2010 and Wetherell et al, 2001) The strength of discourse analysis lies in its ability to take into account the role of historical and socio-political aspects of the research produced (Hepburn, 1999). According to Parker (1993) discourse analysis   gives particular consideration to the ways in which language norms are able to ‘’encourage authors to describe research in neat, objective, detached and sterile fashion, ignoring inevitably messy or subjective aspects’’ (p.284); regarding this point Willig argues that ‘’since language is constructive and functional, no one reading can be said to be ‘right’ or ‘valid’’(2001:103). Furthermore the argument evolves that research which involves human participants can have moral implications, since the researcher gains the upper-hand in imposing their values upon the study. (Morgan, 2010) Raskin (2001) criticises discourse analysis for encouraging an anarchical relativism, this is underlined by Dixon et al. (2000) arguing that if no interpretation can be viewed as valid or right then discourse analysis especially within texts and language becomes no more than an academic exercise, however others   argue that researchers are still able to find discourses that are viewed as ‘better’ than others even if none of them can be more ‘real’ than the other. (Harper, 2004) Another interesting critic to discourse analysis is its assumption that the world can be changed if we write about it in a different manner, such an assumption leads discourse analysis to reject an existence of a world without language (Willig, 2001), according to Wetherell et al. (2001) this relativist position makes a discourse analysis study difficult to maintain. This has led to a problem which analyst have coined as the ‘So what?’ factor (Allen et al., 2001), which refers to the constraint of using discourse analysis framework for practical purposes such as policy making (Morga n, 2010). Nevertheless, Parker (1999) offers a solution to the problem of discourse analysis’s relativism. He argues that even though symptoms are seen as real, the problem of relativism only arises when labels that posses an epistemological position, obtain an ontological status which then can be used to justify an unjust status-quo.   So deriving from this argument it is clear that one of the strengths of discourse analysis as a social constructivist methodology lies in its ability to include socio-political and moral factors into a given research agenda. (Parker, 1999) Discourse analysis is criticised by Berman et al. (1993) for its ‘’ difficulty of getting to grips with it due to the lack of prescription regarding how it should be done’’ (p. 162), however according to others an awareness should be present in using discourse analysis as just another research tool for fear that ‘’it has the potential to be used as a value-free technology’’ (ibid.) As a result, discourse analysis risks loosing its critical and political position by becoming one of the numerous scientific research tools (Bucholtz, 2001). Willig (2001) suggests that to prevent this happening to discourse analysis, researchers are encouraged to take a more critical stance in their analysis of the study to ensure that the assumptions put forward are transparent; therefore the argument unfolds itself that an advantage of discourse analysis methodology lies within its awareness that social context and the role played by the researcher w ill undoubtedly effect the outcome of the study. (Parker, 1999) However, using discourse analysis to explain social change can become problematic if the researcher adopts some form of manipulation (Willig, 2001). To clarify, an expert or policy maker would use their position in the field to implement discourses that would shape people’s lives is principally challenging as this can be viewed as another form of oppression, however according to Rose (1989) this problem can be side stepped if discourse analysis is viewed as a tool to be used collectively rather than for the purposes of manipulation, be it social or political. Another common critique of discourse analysis is found with the researchers’ strategic/political choice on which texts to analyse, it is argued that they already have some form of underlying   assumption that encourage a set of interpretations of that text (Cheek, 2000), if we continue along this line of critique it is possible for discourse analysts to provide different ambiguous interpretations and falling into the trap of creating a whole new ideology (Fairclough, 1999). Since discourse analysis challenges dominant ideologies , presenting only one form of interpretation may lead to the formation of a ‘new’ ideology. Even with such criticisms, discourse analysis provides scrupulous and regular ways of combating social problems and preparing solutions for political change (Mather, 2000). Discourse analysis is also viewed positively as it highlights the voice given to respondents, thus giving equal status to both researchers and the respondents (i.e. those being studied) (Burr, 2003), this results in the research being viewed as a dialogue rather than the researcher commanding a superior influence upon the object in question. Sherrard (1991) disagrees with this analysis as she explains that the researcher often fails to position their role in the research process especially when interacting with the interviewees, insisting that ‘’discourse analysts typically fail to examine explicitly their role in the production of the discourse they are analysing’’ (p. 181). Discourse analysis has also been criticised by Abrams et al (1990) when considering its political dimensions, they assert that there is a hidden postulation that researchers within the discourse analysis field are the most qualified amongst researchers in examining, identifying and helping disempowered social groups, therefore risking their accounts as becoming the subjective ‘truth’ (Burr, 2003). Thus some argue that the relationship between the researcher and participant is falsely ‘democratized’ when judging reflexivity, since in the end it’s the analysts interpretation and writing up of the research which will be viewed as carrying more weight. Burr (1995) highlights another important criticism to discourse analysis in the way in which ‘’ the identification of discourses has a tendency to become little more than the labelling of everyday common-sense categories’’ (p.174) As a result from this viewpoint discourse analysts are often blamed for reproducing the same structures which they are trying to challenge in the first place when identifying a discourse (Burr, 1995, p.182). A number of other critics, assert that discourse analysis over accentuates the analysis of texts and disregards other forms of discourse that are visible other ways than words, according to Willig (2001) this becomes problematic as discourse analysis fails to provide a framework on how to analyse ‘’ private manifestations of discourse such as thought and self-awareness’’ (p. 101), meaning that discourse analysts give more validity to the role of language and texts than to subjectivity or mental state. Once we are able to comprehend the strengths and weaknesses of discourse analysis and how discourses work, it becomes impossible not to be aware of them or ignore their importance as they are present in all facets of human life –political, social, economic, cultural-. Even though there are a number of limitations to as what discourse analysis is able to offer, it is hard to argue that discourse remains a crucial element of power relations and that discourse analysis is a very useful ‘tool’ for reflective analysis, by its nature of providing a deep analysis of the current discourses present in our lives. The main strength found for discourse analysis is its usage as it can be used for teaching, researching and learning the contexts in which we live, it gives us the platform to be able to look at the things that are familiar in our world and to ask those questions that will enable a critical understanding of such a context; it helps us build upon our ability for ref lexivity, as well as collective efforts with others in the participation for progressive change. Bibliography: Abrams, D. Hogg, M. A.(1990). ‘The Context of Discourse: Lets Not Throw Out the Baby with the Bathwater.’Philosophical Psychology3 (2 3):219 – 225. Allen, D., and Hardin, P. K. (2001). ‘Discourse analysis and the epidemiology of meaning.’ Nursing Philosophy, 2:163–176 Billig, M. (1985) ‘Prejudice, categorization and particularization: from a perceptual to a rhetorical approach, European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, pp.79-103. Billig, M. (1996)   Arguing and Thinking, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Bucholtz, M. (2001) ‘Reflexivity and Critique in Discourse Analysis’, Critique of Anthropology 21(1): 157–75. Burman, E. and Parker, I. (eds) (1993) Discourse Analytic Research: Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action. London: Routledge Burr, V. (1995) An Introduction to Social Constructionism, London: Routledge Burr, V. (2003) Social Constructivism, London: Routledge. Cheek, J. (2000a). Postmodern and poststructural approaches to nursing research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Dixon, J.A., and Durrheim, K. (2000). Displacing place identity: A discursive approach to locating self and other. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 27-44. Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Longman Fairclough, N. (1999) ‘Linguistic and intertextual analysis within discourse analysis’, in: A. Jaworski N. Coupland (Eds) The discourse reader. (London, Routledge), 183-211. Foucault, M. (1972) The archaeology of knowledge. London, Tavistock. Harper, D. (2004). ‘’Delusions and discourse: moving beyond the constraints of the modernist paradigm’’. Philosophy, Psychiatry Psychology, 11(1), 55–64. Johnstone, B.(2002) Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishers Mather, R. (2000) The foundations of Critical Psychology. History of Human Sciences. Vol. 13, (2), pp. 85-100 Morgan, A. (2010). ‘Discourse Analysis: An Overview for the Neophyte Researcher.’Journal of Health and Social Care Improvement   5:1-7 Paltridge, B. (2006) Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum Parker, I. (1999) Introduction: Varieties of Discourse and Analysis’,   In I. Parker and Bolton Discourse Network, Critical Textwork: An Introduction to Varieties of Discourse and Analysis, pp. 1-12, Buckingham: Open University Press. Parker, I., Burman, E. (1993) Against discursive imperialism, empiricism, and constructionism: Thirty-two problems with discourse analysis in Burman, E., Parker, I., (Eds), Discourse analytic research: Repertoires and readings of texts in action, pp.155-290, London: Routledge. Phillips, N. and Hardy, C. (2002) Discourse Analysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Raskin, J. D. (2001) ‘’On relativism in constructivist psychology’’, Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 14, 285-313. Rose, N. (1989) Individualising psychology, in: J. Shotter K. Gergen (eds.), Texts of identity (London: Sage) pp. 119-132. Silverman, D. (1997)   (Ed), Qualitative Research: Theory, method and practices, London: Sage Wetherell, M., Taylor, S., Yates, S. (2001) Discourse theory and practice: A reader, London; Sage. Willig, C. (2001). Quality in qualitative research. In C. Willig (2001). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: Adventures in theory and method. Buckingham: Open University Press

Explain why,and how,an English-based Creole is being promoted in any Essay

Explain why,and how,an English-based Creole is being promoted in any one country - Essay Example Consequently, an individual’s language also undergoes the interactions with other languages existing in his surroundings and such interactions between the languages result into the structuring of a new form of language, called Pidgin that the individuals of different languages can use at their own conveniences. Such Amenities and conveniences that a Pidgin provides its speakers evolves from the amalgamation of the convenient forms and contents of both of the languages (Kachru & Nelson, 2006). Indeed a Pidgin exists to serve a particular set of purposes such as economic, political, social, religious, etc. When along the passage of social transformation a Pidgin or a set of varied Pidgins is widely used by the people of a country, a Creole happens to exist in the form of a stable language with particular grammatical rules and norms. So it is difficult to distinct the separate existence of a Creole along the Pidgin-Creole continuum (Bickerton, 1975). This paper aims to substantia te the development of a Creole in a country, particularly in Jamaica. Various linguists have defined Creole in different ways. The commonalities of these is that all of them consider a Creole as a stable language with a set of grammatical norms and rules that evolve from its prior form, Pidgin, whereas the later serves as a lingua franca used by several linguistic communities for a particular purpose. Pidgin and Creole are often described as â€Å"trade language† and â€Å"contact language† and necessarily a Creole originates from a Pidgin. As Foy (2007) says in this regard, A Creole language is usually described as the descendant of a pidgin language and created when a pidgin language acquires native speakers and develops into a mother tongue, hence the popular assertion that a Creole language is any language with a pidgin in its ancestry (p. 9). An overall analysis of the development of a Pidgin and therefore, a Creole in any region is bound to reveal